This paper presents the application of competitive Hopfield neural network (CHNN) for medical images segmentation. Our proposed approach consists of two steps: 1) translating segmentation of the given medical image into an optimization problem, AND 2) solving this problem by a version of Hopfield network known as CHNN. Segmentation is considered as a clustering problem AND its validity criterion is based on both INTRASET distance (IAD) AND interset distance (IED). The algorithm proposed in this paper is based on gray level features only. This leads to near optimal solutions if both IAD AND IED are considered at the same time. If only one of these DISTANCES is considered, the result of segmentation process by CHNN will be far from optimal solution AND incorrect even for very simple cases. Furthermore, sometimes the algorithm receives at unacceptable states. Both these problems may be solved by contributing both IAD AND IED DISTANCES in the segmentation (optimization) process. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on both phantom AND real medical images. The promising results AND the robustness of algorithm to system noises show near optimal solutions.

Introduction: Social responsibility from an ethical point of view includes the obligations AND duties of natural AND legal persons towards society AND the environment. The moral behavior of people, like understANDing of social responsibility, depends on their liberal ideology, beliefs AND human values. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study the relationship between liberalism AND human values with the moral understANDing of social responsibility. Material & Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose AND descriptive-correlational survey. The statistical population includes the financial managers of the companies admitted to the stock exchange, AND the questionnaire was rANDomly distributed among them AND 110 questionnaires were received. The sampling method is rANDom. The research tool is a questionnaire AND multivariate regression using SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: The research results show that human values based on public INTEREST have a significant AND positive relationship with the moral understANDing of social responsibility. But the thinking of liberalism does not have a meaningful relationship with the moral understANDing of social responsibility. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, human values based on public INTEREST can be considered as a tool to strengthen the moral behavior of company managers regarding corporate social responsibility. Also, improving the thinking of liberalism in managers can strengthen their social responsibility. In this case, the policy makers of Stock Exchange can direct the managers of the listed companies to comply more with the social responsibility of the company, through teaching human values AND strengthening those values, as well as monitoring the implementation of ethical regulations

The Quran is a wise book from The Wise (Ḥ akī m). Components of a wise writing are in connection with each other. Hence Distance (fā ṣ ilah: pl. fawā ṣ il), as the most important part of a verse, must be connected in a close meaning with its previous verse. Reaching this communication sometimes is easy AND sometimes difficult which requires deep thought AND contemplation; In some cases, it makes a challenge in the Quran exegesis. The present paper aims to find the aspects AND causes of this challenge AND then looks for solutions of the current crisis. Three aspects are “ mismatch between the beginning AND the end of a verse” , “ redundancy AND sequence” , AND “ the duality AND contradiction at the end of a verse” . To overcome the challenge, in addition to broadening the scope of thinking AND contemplation, the content (sī ā ḳ ) of verses, semantic details AND intricacies of a verse, AND the structure of words should be regarded as well. This topic shows solidarity AND harmony between the parts of the Quranic verses, which had not been studied before.

The edge-degree distance of a simple connected graphG is defined as the sum of the terms ( d (e|G)+d (f|G) ) d (e, f|G) over all unordered pairs fe, fg of edges of G, where d (e|G) AND d (e, f|G) denote the degree of the edgee in G AND the distance between the edges e AND f in G, respectively. In this paper, we study the behavior of two versions of the edge-degree distance under two graph products called splice AND link.

We study the blocks of interpoint DISTANCES, their distributions, correlations, independence AND the homogeneity of their total variances. We discuss the exact AND asymptotic distribution of the interpoint DISTANCES AND their average under three models AND provide connections between the correlation of interpoint DISTANCES with their vector correlation AND test of sphericity. We discuss testing independence of the blocks based on the correlation of block interpoint DISTANCES. A homogeneity test of the total variances in each block AND a simultaneous plot to visualize their relative ordering are presented.

Human always in interaction with their social environment, have consider some degree of privacy with different purposes, for themselves, the people around them AND carry out their activities. Creating privacy depends on two elements; subjective meanings that ruling the creation of privacy, AND the second sentence are person available facilities. Privacy is not seen, heard, smelled AND availability of things that find objectivity with respect to spatial AND temporal DISTANCES in the living environment. The main issue of this research is to inquire about the nature of privacy in residential areas, AND its purpose is to understAND the reasons for the formation of privacy in residential areas. The significance AND necessity of this research can be expressed in a definition of the dwelling in such a way that the dwelling is the center of everyday human activities, which these activities are separated from each other by privacies. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the nature of these privacies, which defines the external credibility of the research in order to redefine this feature in the design of residential environments. The present research has been based on the observation AND description of manmade environment, with reasons argues to the characteristics of privacy types, its origins AND how it deals with the physical environment, which is adorned with objective evidence of Qashqai tribe living environment. The findings of this study show that the subjective meanings ruling on the creation of privacy in case study residential environments are affected by things such as "social situation" AND "family social status", AND facilities that are used in the environment to ensure privacy, are spatial AND temporal characteristics in man-made environments. Spatial characteristics with aspects such as "spatial distance" AND "forward / backward" afford privacy in the physical environment, AND temporal characteristics get the aspects such as "temporal distance" AND " temporal sequence of settings", that have rooted in respect smelling, hearing AND visual DISTANCES in different cultures. The results of this research help to understAND how human use of the environment affordances for interaction with their social environment.

Qur’, anic distance، at the end of the verses، is a phenomenon which is one of the aspects of the Qur'an's advantage over Arabic poetry AND prose. This phenomenon has been less studied AND analyzed in the Qur'anic studies by structural AND statistical analysis. The structure of intervals can be considered in three ways: letter، word AND sentence. Which letters have the most frequency at the end of the verse AND why? What are the letters before the last verse? How many words at the end of the verses are verb، noun، male AND female? What is the relation between the difference of the suras' DISTANCES with their songs AND their rhythms? More than 63% of the verses end with the letters "N" AND "M"، which have the character of a Ghanaian AND have more singing AND singing than other letters. One of the benefits of statistical analysis is the lexical structure of the names AND attributes that appear at the end of the verses. Notable are the two names "Ghafoor Rahim"، which is more prominent at the end of the verse than the other names AND attributes. One of the reasons for the difference in the Quranic Surahs' songs is their intervals. However، these issues have been addressed in a new way in this article.

In this paper we investigate the geometric structures of M(n; 2) containing n points in R3 having two distinct DISTANCES. We will show that up to pseudo-equivalence there are 5 constructible models for M(4; 2) AND 17 constructible models for M(5; 2).